Idiom and Its Literal Meaning in English

Idiom and Its Literal Meaning in English

No	Idiomatic	Literal Meaning
1.	Think On Your Feet	Adjusting quickly to changes and making fast decisions.
2.	Get The Show On The Road	Putting up a plan or idea into action.
3.	Not Let Grass Grow Under Feet	Don't delay in getting something done.
4.	Separate Sheep from Goats	Examining a group of people and deciding their suitability.
5.	Have On the Brain	Thinking or talking about it all day long.
6.	Get a Grip on Yourself	Controlling your feelings to deal with a situation.
7.	Proud As A Peacock	Refers to an extremely proud person.
8.	Look On the Bright Side	View an unpleasant situation in a positive light.
9.	Cake Not Worth the Candle	Refers to something in which result vs efforts are too less.
10.	Foot in the Door	Small but good start with a possibility for a bright future.

PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATION ACCORDING TO NEWMARK

PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATION ACCORDING TO NEWMARK

1.      LITERAL

Newmark distinguishes the literal from the word-for-word and one-to-one translation. Word-for-word translation transfers SL grammar and word-order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. In one-to-one translation which is a broader form of translation, each SL word has a corresponding TL word, but their primary meaning may differ. Since one-to-one translation normally respects collocational meanings, which exert the most powerful contextual influence on translation, it is commoner than word-for-word translation. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, particularly applicable to languages that do not have definite and /or indefinite articles.

Example: A literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "children garden," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as “loan translation”) are called calques, e.g., “beer garden” from German “Biergarten.”

2.      NATURALIZATION

This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation of the TL, then to its normal morphology.

Example: performance (English) performant (Germany), estate (English) estat (Indonesia), and police (English) polis (Malaysian)

3.      MODULATION

It’s divided into 2 parts, bound modulation and free modulation (Newmark in Machali, 2000:691).
1) Bound modulation; if a word or phrase is shown.

Example: The active form in the source’s language changes into the passive one in the receptor’s language and it is also the passive form in the source’s language change into active on in the receptor’s language.

2) Free Modulation: It is done because of non-linguistic aspect.

Example: to make the meaning clear, to make the relation meaning in the receptor’s language, to find out the natural aspect in the receptor’s language, etc.

4.      CONTEXTUAL CONDITIONING

Contextual conditioning is placing an information contextual in order to make a clear meaning. For the receptors, for example: to translate an English expression into indonesia.

Example: Good morning (english) – Selamat pagi (indonesia)

5.      FOOTNOTE CONDITIONING

It is a procedure that used in word translation or an expression lexically into the receptor’s language.

Example: The source’s written: Doodgerido is a traditional instrument used by Aborigines.
The receptor’s written: Doodgerido adalah alat musik traditional yang digunakan orang Aborigin.
Footnote: Doodgerido is a kind of traditional music, it shape’s like clarinet that the end of part is curve, and the sound like a ship siren which it will be departured (Machali, 2000: 75).

6.      TRANSPOSITION

This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end.

Example: He always drinks > (Telugu) atanu tragubotu (He is a drunkard)

7.      CULTURAL EQUIVALENCE

This is an approximate translation where an SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. These are approximate cultural equivalents. Their translation uses are limited; since they are not accurate, but this procedure can be used in general texts, publicity and propaganda, as well as for brief explanation to TL readers who are ignorant of the relevant SL culture. This procedure can give greater pragmatic impact than culturally neutral words.

Example: e.g.: Tamil. Niccayatarttam > English. Betrothal.

8.      FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE

This is also a common procedure, applied to cultural word of the SL required when the TL required a cultural free word or a new specific term in TL. So, it neutralizes or generalizes the SL word. When a culturally equivalent term in TL is not possible to find a cultural word of SL, this procedure is the most accurate way of translating. We can also extent the procedure to translate the technical term which has no equivalent in TL. This procedure may be occasionally used if the term is of little importance in drama as they can create an immediate effect. This procedure occupies the middle area between the language and culture of SL and the language and culture of TL. If the functional equivalent is practiced one to one then, it becomes undertranslation. If practiced one to two, it may be an over translation.

Example: e.g. Doordarshan > Indian Television

9.      DESCRIBTIVE EQUIVALENCE

In translation, description has to be weighed sometimes against function. Description and function are essential elements in explanation and, therefore, in Translation.

Example: for the word 'aram' in Tamil, the description is an instrument made of iron, with teeth on one side, the function is 'cutting'.

10.  SYNONYM

It is near-TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalence may or may not exist. A translator cannot do without synonymy; he is to do with it as a compromise, in order to translate more important segment of a text, segments of the meaning more accurately. But it is considered that the unnecessary use of synonym as a symbol of a poor translation. This procedure is used for SL words where,

(1)   There is no clear one-to-one equivalent in the TL

(2)   The word is not important in the text

Example: kind person > (Telugu) Dharmatmud

11.  ADAPTATION

This procedure is used when the others do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the SL situation though not identical to it.

Example: kambaramayan$ am.

12.  REDUCTION OR EXPANSION

These are rather imprecise translation procedures, which the translators practise intuitively in some cases, in adhoc manner in others. However, for each there is at least one shift which the translator may like to bear in mind, particularly in poorly written texts:

(1)  Reduction e.g. :- SL. Adjective of substance + Noun > TL Noun

(2)  Expansion e.g.: - SL. Adjective > TL. Adverb + Past participle of Present participle + Object

13.  PARAPRHASE

This is an application or explanation of the meaning of a segment of a text. It is used in an 'anonymous' text when it is poorly written or when it had important implications and omissions. One should be careful in listing paraphrases as a translation procedure, because this word is often used to describe free translation. The procedure is the minimal recasting of an ambiguous or obscure sentence, in order to clarify it.

TYPES OF TRANSLATION

Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30) categorizes translation into four types, namely:

1.                  Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information about repairing a machine.

Example :

A.                   For baby: after bathing, dust generously over the skin, taking special care where the skin folds and creases. Use after baby’s bath and every change. (untuk bayi: taburkan bedak pada seluruh kulit sehabis mandi,, terutama pada bagian-bagian lipatan kulit. Gunakan pada setiap menggantikan popok dan sehabis mandi).

Make Money at : http://bit.ly/copy_win

B.                   For printing photographs, illustrations, use of high Resolution Paper, Glossy Photo Paper or High Photo Film is recommended. These media provide better colour reproduction and brighter colours than plain paper.

Untuk mencetak foto dan ilustrasi atau gambar, gunakan kertas dengan resolusi tinggi, yaitu kertas foto glossy atau disarankan menggunakan kertas film glossy yang memiliki resolusi tinggi. Media ini akan menghasilkan hasil warna gambar yang lebih baik dan lebih jelas dari pada menggunakan kertas biasa.

See more at: http://www.englishindo.com/2011/11/contoh-terjemahan-pragmatik.html#sthash.pXnC1WBg.dpuf

2) Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

Example:

A. The One Best Friend (By Belle)

Thanks for being there for me,
through good times and bad times.
I will be on your side even if the the world ends.
When the world is going,
I will be here,
now and until the end.
You’re my Best Friend very best friend.
The one that I look up to.
The one that I run to, when I have a problem.
The one that I talk to.
Your the one best friend that was always there for me.
I wanna thank you for all the things you gave and showed me.

Sahabat Terbaik (Oleh Belle)

Terima kasih untuk selalu ada disana untukku,
melalui saat-saat baik dan buruk.
Aku akan berada disisimu, bahkan jika dunia berakhir.
Ketika dunia berjalan,
Aku akan berada disini,
sekarang dan hingga akhir.
Kau sahabat terbaikku sangat sahabat baik.
Satu-satunya saat Aku menengadah.
Satu-satunya tempat Aku lari, ketika Aku memiliki masalah.
Satu-satunya yang Aku ajak bicara.
Kau satu-satunya teman terbaik yang selalu ada untukku.
Aku ingin berterima kasih atas semua hal yang Kau berikan dan tunjukkan padaku.

B. I Will Wait

I want to hug you soon …

Take tuk accompanied my steps …

But not right to me …

And would I force it …

You’re still not mine …

Not yet a beloved …

And I have not become part of your life …

Not to be the one who always fill your heart …

Although I felt tired last …

I will continue to hold …

All the longing …

And the unspoken desire …

You’re like a month …

Glow lit the dark night …

Seen by my eyes without a barrier …

But you’re tough unattainable

But I must endure …

Because you’ve given me hope …

Would love an almost impossible unattainable

Although I know it’s not as easy as reaching tuk mu …

Because what you want is not just me …

Thou daughter of the king who yearn …

Many princes and knights who tried to reach you …

While I’m just a nameless soldier for you …

Yes … I do not soldier named …

Not as strong as the warrior …

No semenawan prince …

Only a dreamer with a piece of poetry alone …

But I’m definitely waiting for you …

Waiting for an answer from my love …

Aku Menunggumu

Ingin ku segera memelukmu…

Membawamu tuk iringi langkahku…

Namun tak berhak aku…

Dan takkan kupaksakan itu…

Kau masih belum milikku…

Belum jadi kekasihku…

Dan ku belum jadi bagian hidupmu…

Belum jadi satu yang selalu mengisi hatimu…

Meski terasa lelah aku bertahan…

Aku akan terus menahan…

Segala kerinduan…

Dan hasrat yang tak terucapkan…

Kau bagai bulan…

Bersinar terangi gelap malam…

Terlihat oleh mataku tanpa penghalang…

Namun kau sulit tergapaikan…

Tapi aku pasti bertahan…

Karena kau tlah memberiku harapan…

Akan cintamu yang hampir mustahil tergapaikan…

Meski kutahu tak semudah itu tuk menggapaimu…

Karena yang inginkan kau bukan hanya aku…

Engkau putri raja yang didamba…

Banyak  pangeran dan kesatria yang mencoba menggapaimu…

Sedangkan aku hanya prajurit tak bernama bagimu…

Ya… Aku memang prajurit tak bernama…

Tak sekuat kesatria…

Tak semenawan pangeran…

Hanya seorang pemimpi dengan sepenggal puisi saja…

Namun aku pasti menunggumu…

Menunggu jawaban dari cintaku…

3) Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

Example :

A.    Set within tropical gardens near the golden sands of Lovina Beach, Puri Saron Hotel Baruna Beach Lovina offers cottage-style and villa-style accommodation and dolphin tour arrangements. The hotel features 3 outdoor pools.

The air-conditioned rooms at Puri Saron come with private balconies offering views of the garden or sea. Each room has satellite TV and a fridge with minibar. En suite bathrooms provide a hot and cold shower.

Guests can enjoy a relaxing massage or simply lounge on the sun deck by the pool. The hotel provides laundry and dry cleaning services. Room service is also available.

Mawar Saron Restaurant serves a variety of dishes prepared with fresh ingredients. Pool and sea views accompany meals at this beach-facing restaurant. Drinks are available at the bar.

Located in Northern Bali, Puri Saron Baruna Beach is just a short drive from the historical city of Singaraja.

Terletak di taman tropis dekat dengan pantai berpasir keemasan Pantai Lovina, Puri Saron Hotel Baruna Beach Lovina menawarkan akomodasi bergaya pondok dan vila serta pengaturan wisata lumba-lumba. Hotel ini memiliki 3 kolam renang outdoor.

Kamar yang ber-AC di Puri Saron dilengkapi dengan balkon pribadi dengan pemandangan taman atau laut. Tiap kamar memiliki TV satelit dan lemari es dengan minibar. Kamar mandi en-suite-nya menyediakan shower air panas dan dingin.

Anda dapat menikmati pijat relaksasi atau sekadar bersantai di dek berjemur di tepi kolam renang. Hotel ini menyediakan layanan binatu dan dry cleaning Layanan kamar juga tersedia.

Mawar Saron Restaurant menyajikan aneka hidangan yang disiapkan dengan bahan-bahan segar. Pemandangan kolam renang dan laut menemani acara santap Anda di restoran yang menghadap ke pantai ini. Aneka minuman tersedia di bar.

Terletak di Bali Utara, Puri Saron Baruna Beach dapat dicapai dengan hanya berkendara singkat dari kota bersejarah Singaraja.

4) Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine.

Example:

A.    Samsung also has the latest phone's complement this with millions of internal storage space of 4 GB and is supported with a microSD slot for external memory expansion up to 32 GB. To support the performance, the smartphone is also equipped with a battery capacity of 1500 mAh

Samsung juga telah melengkapi hp terbaru murah jutaan ini dengan ruang penyimpanan internal berkapasitas 4 GB dan masih didukung dengan slot microSD untuk melakukan ekspansi memori eksternal sampai 32 GB. Untuk mendukung performanya, smartphone ini juga dibekali dengan baterai berkapasitas 1500 mAh

B.     In addition to a faster processor, Apple has also turned out to eliminate the 64 GB storage options of the MacBook Air. This makes the option of 128 GB and 256 GB capacities so the choice available today - including 11-inch MacBook Air.

Selain prosesor yang lebih cepat, Apple juga ternyata menghilangkan opsi storage 64 GB dari MacBook Air. Hal tersebut membuat opsi 128 GB dan 256 GB jadi pilihan kapasitas yang tersedia saat ini – termasuk MacBook Air 11 inci.